Parkinson's disease is a brain condition that affects movement. It can also cause changes in behavior, sleep quality, and memory. It is a progressive condition, which means that it typically worsens over time. In most cases, the condition develops after the age of 60 years, though it can begin sooner.
What causes Parkinson's disease?
The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is unclear. It happens when something damages the nerve cells in the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra is part of the brain that helps with movement. When the cells produce less dopamine due to the damage, this causes problems with movement. Some studies suggest that people with Parkinson's disease lose at least 80% of cells that produce dopamine, according to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons.
Is Parkinson's disease genetic?
Researchers have identified certain genetic mutations that may be responsible for the development of Parkinson's disease. Changes in the GBA gene are the most common genetic mutations associated with Parkinson's disease, affecting around 5% to 10% of people with the condition. LRRK2 gene mutations affect around 5% of people with Parkinson's disease. Mutations in the SNCA gene are most commonly associated with young-onset Parkinson's disease, which is when the condition develops before the age of 50 years.
What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
The main symptoms of Parkinson's disease include: tremors affecting the arms, hands, legs, head, or jaw; slow movements; stiff muscles; and problems with balance and coordination. Other symptoms a person may experience include speech problems, difficulties swallowing and chewing, skin changes, constipation, issues with urination, and depression. Symptoms usually begin slowly and develop over time. They may also begin on one side of the body, then affect both sides as the condition becomes more severe. They can also differ among individuals.
